
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.02, sd = 13.31)}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.1, sd = 2.23)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                                & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 0.714$^{***}$ & 0.641$^{***}$ & 0.651$^{***}$ & 0.695$^{***}$ & 0.075$^{***}$ & 0.064$^{***}$ & 0.065$^{***}$ & 0.050$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.157)       & (0.162)       & (0.166)       & (0.135)       & (0.019)       & (0.020)       & (0.020)       & (0.019)\\   
   Predicted population         &               & 2.594$^{***}$ & 2.602$^{***}$ & 0.223         &               & 0.385$^{***}$ & 0.390$^{***}$ & -0.020\\   
                                &               & (0.721)       & (0.742)       & (1.522)       &               & (0.114)       & (0.116)       & (0.381)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity                     & 1.367$^{***}$ & 1.221$^{***}$ & 1.243$^{***}$ & 1.384$^{***}$ & 0.143$^{***}$ & 0.121$^{***}$ & 0.122$^{***}$ & 0.100$^{**}$\\   
                                         & (0.249)       & (0.249)       & (0.255)       & (0.244)       & (0.032)       & (0.033)       & (0.034)       & (0.042)\\   
   Population                            &               & 2.761$^{***}$ & 2.765$^{***}$ & 0.252         &               & 0.416$^{***}$ & 0.421$^{***}$ & -0.048\\   
                                         &               & (0.523)       & (0.543)       & (2.837)       &               & (0.085)       & (0.087)       & (0.715)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 170           & 286; 76       & 288; 74       & 162; 216      & 170           & 286; 76       & 288; 74       & 162; 216\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
   Predicted surname diversity  & 0.522$^{***}$ & 0.520$^{***}$ & 0.519$^{***}$ & 0.501$^{***}$ &  & 0.002         & 0.002         & 0.003         \\
                                & (0.040)       & (0.040)       & (0.040)       & (0.046)       &  & (0.008)       & (0.008)       & (0.003)       \\
   Predicted population         &               & 0.086$^{***}$ & 0.087$^{***}$ & 0.063$^{*}$   &  & 0.902$^{***}$ & 0.902$^{***}$ & 0.539$^{***}$ \\
                                &               & (0.015)       & (0.015)       & (0.036)       &  & (0.105)       & (0.106)       & (0.041)       \\
    \\
   County-Surname fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects   & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Surname-Period fixed effects &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends      &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                 & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


